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Mysql NULL導致的神坑

比較運算符中使用NULL

mysql> select 1>NULL;
+--------+
| 1>NULL |
+--------+
|  NULL |
+--------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select 1NULL;
+--------+
| 1NULL |
+--------+
|  NULL |
+--------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select 1>NULL;
+---------+
| 1>NULL |
+---------+
|  NULL |
+---------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select 1>NULL;
+--------+
| 1>NULL |
+--------+
|  NULL |
+--------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select 1NULL;
+--------+
| 1NULL |
+--------+
|  NULL |
+--------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select 1>=NULL;
+---------+
| 1>=NULL |
+---------+
|  NULL |
+---------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select 1=NULL;
+---------+
| 1=NULL |
+---------+
|  NULL |
+---------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select 1!=NULL;
+---------+
| 1!=NULL |
+---------+
|  NULL |
+---------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select 1>NULL;
+---------+
| 1>NULL |
+---------+
|  NULL |
+---------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select NULL=NULL,NULL!=NULL;
+-----------+------------+
| NULL=NULL | NULL!=NULL |
+-----------+------------+
|   NULL |    NULL |
+-----------+------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select 1 in (null),1 not in (null),null in (null),null not in (null);
+-------------+-----------------+----------------+--------------------+
| 1 in (null) | 1 not in (null) | null in (null) | null not in (null) |
+-------------+-----------------+----------------+--------------------+
|    NULL |      NULL |      NULL |        NULL |
+-------------+-----------------+----------------+--------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select 1=any(select null),null=any(select null);
+--------------------+-----------------------+
| 1=any(select null) | null=any(select null) |
+--------------------+-----------------------+
|        NULL |         NULL |
+--------------------+-----------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select 1=all(select null),null=all(select null);
+--------------------+-----------------------+
| 1=all(select null) | null=all(select null) |
+--------------------+-----------------------+
|        NULL |         NULL |
+--------------------+-----------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

結論：任何值和NULL使用運算符（>、、>=、=、!=、>）或者（in、not in、any/some、all）比較時，返回值都為NULL，NULL作為布爾值的時候，不為1也不為0。

準備數據

mysql> create table test1(a int,b int);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> insert into test1 values (1,1),(1,null),(null,null);
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 3 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

mysql> select * from test1;
+------+------+
| a  | b  |
+------+------+
|  1 |  1 |
|  1 | NULL |
| NULL | NULL |
+------+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

上面3條數據，認真看一下，特別是注意上面NULL的記錄。

IN、NOT IN和NULL比較

IN和NULL比較

mysql> select * from test1;
+------+------+
| a  | b  |
+------+------+
|  1 |  1 |
|  1 | NULL |
| NULL | NULL |
+------+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from test1 where a in (null);
Empty set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from test1 where a in (null,1);
+------+------+
| a  | b  |
+------+------+
|  1 |  1 |
|  1 | NULL |
+------+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

結論：當IN和NULL比較時，無法查詢出為NULL的記錄。

NOT IN 和NULL比較

mysql> select * from test1 where a not in (1);
Empty set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from test1 where a not in (null);
Empty set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from test1 where a not in (null,2);
Empty set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from test1 where a not in (2);
+------+------+
| a  | b  |
+------+------+
|  1 |  1 |
|  1 | NULL |
+------+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

結論：當NOT IN 后面有NULL值時，不論什么情況下，整個sql的查詢結果都為空。

EXISTS、NOT EXISTS和NULL比較

mysql> select * from test2;
+------+------+
| a  | b  |
+------+------+
|  1 |  1 |
|  1 | NULL |
| NULL | NULL |
+------+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from test1 t1 where exists (select * from test2 t2 where t1.a = t2.a);
+------+------+
| a  | b  |
+------+------+
|  1 |  1 |
|  1 | NULL |
+------+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from test1 t1 where not exists (select * from test2 t2 where t1.a = t2.a);
+------+------+
| a  | b  |
+------+------+
| NULL | NULL |
+------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

上面我們復制了表test1創建了表test2。

查詢語句中使用exists、not exists對比test1.a=test2.a，因為=不能比較NULL，結果和預期一致。

判斷NULL只能用IS NULL、IS NOT NULL

mysql> select 1 is not null;
+---------------+
| 1 is not null |
+---------------+
|       1 |
+---------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select 1 is null;
+-----------+
| 1 is null |
+-----------+
|     0 |
+-----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select null is null;
+--------------+
| null is null |
+--------------+
|      1 |
+--------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select null is not null;
+------------------+
| null is not null |
+------------------+
|        0 |
+------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

看上面的效果，返回的結果為1或者0。

結論：判斷是否為空只能用IS NULL、IS NOT NULL。

聚合函數中NULL的坑

示例

mysql> select count(a),count(b),count(*) from test1;
+----------+----------+----------+
| count(a) | count(b) | count(*) |
+----------+----------+----------+
|    2 |    1 |    3 |
+----------+----------+----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

count(a)返回了2行記錄，a字段為NULL的沒有統計出來。
count(b)返回了1行記錄，為NULL的2行記錄沒有統計出來。
count(*)可以統計所有數據，不論字段的數據是否為NULL。

再繼續看

mysql> select * from test1 where a is null;
+------+------+
| a  | b  |
+------+------+
| NULL | NULL |
+------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select count(a) from test1 where a is null;
+----------+
| count(a) |
+----------+
|    0 |
+----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

上面第1個sql使用is null查詢出了結果，第2個sql中count(a)返回的是0行。

結論：count(字段)無法統計字段為NULL的值，count(*)可以統計值為null的行。

NULL不能作為主鍵的值

mysql> create table test3(a int primary key,b int);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> insert into test3 values (null,1);
ERROR 1048 (23000): Column 'a' cannot be null

上面我們創建了一個表test3，字段a未指定不能為空，插入了一條NULL的數據，報錯原因：a 字段的值不能為NULL，我們看一下表的創建語句：

mysql> show create table test3;
+-------+------------+
| Table | Create Table   |
+-------+------------+
| test3 | CREATE TABLE `test3` (
 `a` int(11) NOT NULL,
 `b` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
 PRIMARY KEY (`a`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8
+-------+------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

從上面的腳本可以看出，當字段為主鍵的時候，字段會自動設置為not null。

結論：當字段為主鍵的時候，字段會自動設置為not null。

看了上面這些還是比較暈，NULL的情況確實比較難以處理，容易出錯，最有效的方法就是避免使用NULL。所以，強烈建議創建字段的時候字段不允許為NULL，設置一個默認值。

總結